Pictured: Our Milky Way like you've never seen it before

By Mail On Sunday Reporter

It looks like a lunar landscape but this remarkable photograph actually shows our Milky Way and the planet Jupiter in all their glory - viewed from a cave in America's Utah desert.

The spiral galaxy, which cannot be seen with the naked eye, was captured by photographer Wally Pacholka using a 35mm camera and 50mm lens on a tripod with a 30-second exposure - long enough to collect the light but not to see the stars moving.

Enlarge

Shot from a cave in Utah, the Milky Way - 1,000 light years in diameter - and the planet Jupiter (top left)

Pacholka, 59, an architect from Long Beach, California, relied on the light of a crescent moon to illuminate the subject and chose the area because of the near-absence of ambient light.

He said: 'I had to drive 800 miles each way five times to get the shot right. And I had to hike two miles to the cave and back again at night, getting lost each time I came out.'

His photo shows the Milky Way - estimated to be 100,000 light years in diameter and 1,000 light years deep - and Jupiter (to the top left), the biggest planet in the solar system with a diameter 11 times that of Earth's.

After Venus, Jupiter is the second-brightest planet despite being about 390million miles from Earth.

The cave, which has been carved out of the desert's red sandstone rock, lies to the south-east of Salt Lake City and is estimated to be 300million years old. The area is rich with Native American ruins.

Tribes such as the Ancestral Pueblo have lived here for thousands of years, surviving temperatures that can soar to 49C (120F).

When Pacholka took this picture, at about 9pm on August 3, the temperature had fallen to 18C (65F).

The stone circle at the mouth of the cave is believed to have been used in traditional Native American ceremonies from 900 AD.

Pacholka has been snapping American geographic landmarks against the night sky for 30 years and his works have been published by Nasa.

For more of his images go to www. brightnightgallery.com.

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Ten asteroid encounters that almost got us (and still could)

Peter McMahon

If your corner of the Earth were about to be hit by a relatively large asteroid - say the size of a large city - you wouldn't know it until a second before impact. At that point, you and everything around you would crinkle and vapourize, like plastic wrap in a fire.

The ultra-supersonic ball of rock and ore would do this without touching you by superheating the air in front of it as it races to its final destination.



Finally, the asteroid would slam into the Earth: If it slammed into water, watch out for tsunamis that would make the Boxing Day event of 2004 look like high tide...If it scored a direct hit on land (less likely, when you consider how much of Earth is covered by water) watch out for some of the most violent planet-wide Earth quakes our world has seen in a while, worldwide volcanic eruptions, and a cloud of ash that would block out enough sunlight to kill a staggering number of our world's plants and animals.

An asteroid makes contact with Earth

So how close have we come to death from the skies? The October 2008 encounter over Sudan with a three-metre-wide asteroid provides the best confirmation in a while that objects larger than harmless little "shooting star" particles can score a direct hit on Earth.

Click here to see a larger animation of the asteroid (faint object moving from upper-left to lower-right in animation above), courtesy Canadian astrophotographer Steve Barnes and Searchlight Observatories - www.searchlightobservatories.com/Caisey Harlingten and Alain Maury.

Though this particular asteroid burned-up in the atmosphere, larger such objects could make landfall. The really scary thing is that we really have no way to detect what might be hurtling toward us right now.

Close calls

To put things into perspective, here's a select look at some large asteroids, comets, and other bodies that have come within a stone's throw of Earth - near or inside the Moon's orbit - over the last few years:


1. Asteroid: Tunguska event

Year: 1908

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): Exploded metres above ground in the Russian wilderness

In a nutshel: This asteroid or comet fragment was thought to have burned and flattened trees with a 10-15 megaton explosion just before it would have made landfall. Scientists estimate such an event happens every 300 years or so.

2. Asteroid: 1937 UB

Year: 1937

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): Twice the distance from the Earth to the Moon

In a nutshel: Long before this asteroid could have been detected in time - at the time - it passed razor-close to Earth - it's diameter? 1.2 km - more than enough to cause plenty of worldwide damage

3. Asteroid: 4581 Asclepius (1989 FC)

Year: 1989

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): 700,000 km (About twice the distance from the Earth to the Moon)

In a nutshel: Most frighteningly, this 1 km-wide asteroid passed precisely where the Earth had been only six hours before.

4. Asteroid: 2002 MN

Year: 2002

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): 0.3 (120,000 km)

In a nutshel: This passed inside the Moon's orbit, missing Earth by a wide margin within the orbit. That's good news, as the 80-metre-wide asteroid would have caused damage over 2,000 square kilometres if it actually made contact with Earth.

5. Asteroid: 2002 FH

Year: 2004

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): 0.1 (42,000 km)

In a nutshel: LINEAR, the asteroid tracking robot telescope showed this 30 metre object would pass within the ream of some earth-orbiting satellites - the closest pass ever predicted up to this point.

6. Asteroid: 2004 FU162

Year: 2004

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): 0.02 (6,400 km)

In a nutshel: This was the closest recent pass to almost hit Earth - this object was detected mere hours before it hit Earth, though it was only 10 metres in diameter

7. Asteroid: 2008 TC3

Year: 2008

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): Bullseye - made contact with atmosphere

In a nutshel: Vapourized in teh atmosphre over Sudan, but showed a direct hit is possibe

8. Asteroid: 1999 AQ10

Year: 2009

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): 4.4

In a nutshel: In mere months, another asteroid, this one 100-times the diameter of October's news-maker, will cruise by us only 4 times farther than the Moon's orbit

9. Asteroid: 2002 NT7

Year: 2019

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): 4.4

In a nutshel: Largely considered the most threatening object yet to come near Earth, this two-kilometre rock has a fraction-of-a-per-cent chance of striking the Earth. If it did so, space scientists warn, it could wipe out an entire continent.

10. Asteroid: 1950 DA

Year: 2880

Proximity to Earth (number of times Earth/Moon distance): 1-in-300 chance of direct hit

In a nutshel: This 1.4 km-wide object has a 50% greater chance of hitting Earth than all the other known "Moon-grazers" combined. In Just over 800 years, there's a 0.3% chance this object will strike Earth directly, creating species-ending, worldwide destruction.

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Super Cells to Power Cyborgs

Cyborgs are moving out of science-fiction and into the real world. With an increasing number of first world citizens suddenly turning up missing limbs, due to some mysterious and definitely non-oil-related reason, and advances in man-machine interface technology it's time to think about how we're going to power artificial additions to the body. The average human doesn't react well to an electrical outlet, and most of the chemicals you find inside batteries aren't ones you'd want to find inside yourself.

Researchers at Yale University have come up with blueprints for a bio-battery, organic cells which can work together to produce an electrical voltage. These cells are optimised versions of electric eel electrocytes, the results of millions of years of evolution plus a few more of scientists going "We can do better than that!" The upgraded electro-cells will produce 30% higher voltages than the original organics, and 30% more efficiently.

The improvements were made possible by mathematically modeling the ion pumps and channels which set up the voltages in the natural cells. With the mechanisms freed from the gooey bits of the actual cell, the model could be varied to find the most efficient values, which were then mapped back into a design for cells which will do a much better job.

Or at least they will if we can build them. There's a long way between the drawing board and the cyber-implant in the world of biotechnology, at least for those of us outside of Marvel, and several "How do we actually build this?" questions have to be answered. The key will be the connection of the electro-cells to the ATP reserves in the body, allowing you to convert calories into charge to run your Apple iMplant audio player.

Posted by Luke McKinney

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